Movement in Architecture

Motion in Architecture How can the Architectural Promenade Create Experiences Which Heighten Our Connection to Construct Environment? â€Å"I see obviously how external images influence the image that I call my organic structure: they transmit motion to it.And I besides see how this organic structure influences external images: it gives back motion to them.† – Henri Bergson Contentss Contentss Glossary Introduction Motion of Body in Space Decision Making In Movement Formulation of Movement Criteria Illustrations MentionsGlossaryMotion The act or procedure of traveling people or things from one topographic point or place to another. Architectural Promenade The experience of walking through a edifice. The complex web of thoughts which underpins Le Corbusier’s work, most specifically his belief in architecture as a signifier of induction. [ 1 ] Emanation An organized group or line of people or vehicles that move together easy as portion of a ceremonial. Parkour The activity or athletics of traveling quickly through an country, typically in an urban environment, negociating obstructions by running, jumping, and mounting.IntroductionThis paper seeks to research how, through design designers can heighten the users experience in the built environment through motion and the architectural promenade. Our organic structures are an inordinately good designed mechanism and an astoundingly complex piece of technology. It has been advanced and enhanced through development – and we are intended to travel. The environment we choose to bring forth around this chef-d'oeuvre merits the topmost imaginable degree of consideration. The manner we inhabit the reinforced environment replicates our capableness and the longing for our organic structures to travel and brood. Architecture has ever been designed with motion in head, whether it is knowing or unwilled. This thesis aims to analyze and uncover the legion ways our organic structures move within the built environment and look into how architecture and design can suit or order human motion. The focal point of my survey will be on the design of museums as this provides a great penetration into the ways worlds move and make determinations within the reinforced environment. From the public place to the bosom of the exhibition infinites, museums provide a phase for human motion within architecture.Motion of Body in SpaceHarmonizing to Robert Yudell the interaction between the sphere of our organic structures and the sphere of our home topographic points is invariably in gesture. Whether we are cognizant or inexperienced person of this procedure, our organic structures and our motions are in eternal duologue with our edifices. The critical interaction of organic structure signifier and motion with architecture deserves our careful attending as designers. [ 2 ] Motion and emanation has been cardinal to the preparation of the built environment dating as far back as antediluvian Egypt, Greece and Roman architecture. In peculiar when it comes to sacred or ritual infinites. Many of the techniques designers use in modern twenty-four hours design to advance motion day of the month back to the methods used in the yesteryear. For illustration in the Temple of Khons in ancient Egypt the usage of visible radiation, threshold and fluctuation in degrees non merely defined the infinite but besides the emanation through the infinite. Architects such as Philip Johnson and Le Corbusier have studied this emanation or promenade to make more piquant architecture in modern times. Through promotion in engineerings adult male is â€Å"moving† faster and farther than of all time before, but this motion is chiefly a inactive experience unlike the piquant architecture of Le Corbusier in early modernist times. Our organic structures are being moved or propelled in infinite instead than physically traveling ourselves. In kernel we are really sing less active motion in the horizontal and perpendicular planes than of all time before. Yudell describes this as frozen and drifting organic structures. This construct differentiates between the self- motion of a organic structure or the displaced organic structure that is moved by other agencies such as a vehicle or lift. We rely on the displaced motion of our organic structures to go greater distance but one may oppugn if we are going excessively reliant on these methods and as such going brainsick or alienated from our environments as we simply pass through infinite by mechanical agencies. The Futurist Movement is an utmost illustration of this disaffection from the universe and our experience of architecture around us. One of their visions promised entire freedom of life on an space gridded platform into which we may stop up for energy, information or alimentary demands. This scenario nevertheless embodies a clear denial of the demand for the interaction of organic structure and architecture. It provides no landmarks, no stimulation, no phases, and no Centres. [ 3 ] Changes in engineering has meant that some of these futurist thoughts have been implemented at a smaller degree. Our motion within the built environment has become progressively inactive due to ordinances for handiness and in some instances for pure convenience. It is our occupation as designers to turn to this deficiency of battle and inactive motion within the built environment by making a promenade that encourages motion and geographic expedition in our milieus.Decision Making In MovementLe Corbusierâ⠂¬â„¢s premier motivation when designing was to aid people in the procedure of â€Å"savoir habiter† , cognizing how to populate [ 4 ] and it was his sentiment that the architectural promenade would be designed to â€Å"resensitise† people to their milieus. [ 5 ] In planing in this manner buildings become a series of experiences, get downing with the attack from the street, tract or square and pulling a individual indoors and in along a series of experiences in infinite. In a manner the designer becomes a type of choreographer, making infinites which anticipate a person’s motion. It creates a duologue non merely between people and the reinforced environment but besides amongst other people. Le Corbusier strived to make infinites where people would be prompted to utilize their memory, analysis, concluding and finally formation of an grasp of his architecture, obliging them to convey their ain experience to the edifice, making something wholly new. He endeavoured to make a model in which people could populate their ain lives and do their ain determinations whilst ordering really strongly precisely what that model should be. This paradox is what makes Le Corbusier’s work so interesting. It is one of the most confusing issues of architectural pattern ; how can an architect design infinites that encourage motion without curtailing the individuals free motion within the infinite. Le Corbusier tried ( non ever successfully ) to turn to how other people may see his edifices and to underscore the message that edifices were considered as unfinished without people and their experience within. In a less formal scene in Mikkel Rugaard’s â€Å"Street Movement† in Denmark ( which originated as a Parkour preparation company ) has attempted to turn to the thought of planing for freedom of motion and look in the reinforced environment. Rugaard attempts to specify infinites, milieus and objects in the reinforced environment to do certain they become inspirational and invitational towards physical activity and motion without compromising the architectural vision and aesthetic value. Rugaard notes that planing for motion successfully is easy but what becomes more complex and challenging is the add-on of different people who are go throughing through these infinites and how the map of those non take parting in parkour additions the complexness of design. [ 6 ] The Gugenheim Museum in New York designed by Frank Lloyd Wright in 1959 is an illustration of a edifice that is clearly designed with a really controlled motion or promenade laid out within the edifice. The raging paseo guides the visitant up through the edifice go arounding through the whole exhibition infinite. There is no determination devising in this procedure but instead the visitant is led in one way ether up or down through the exhibition infinite. It is my purpose to analyze through instance surveies how motion can be achieved in a more intuitive manner instead than the forced nature of Frank Lloyd Wright’s work in the Guggenheim in New York. In a manner the controlling nature of the promenade within the Guggenheim is differs little from the control of motion within the futurist ideals. The visitant is non being engaged with the architecture but instead is being brought in a certain controlled way.Formulation of Movement CriteriaIn order to analyze how motion can be c ontrolled in a museum puting it is necessary to put up a standard by which I will analyze a figure of instance surveies. This has been chiefly determined by the work of Le Corbusier and the architectural promenade. He believed that the undertaking of designers was to react to the interior â€Å"sounding board† of the human organic structure and act upon it to originate a response in the signifier of action. [ 7 ] Analyzing the standard he used focal points on the ways in which architecture can ease this procedure and as such act as a call for motion. Believing as he did that the organic structure plays a chief portion in the soaking up of cognition Le Corbusier developed a series of techniques to incorporate this procedure. Deducing from his roof of the mouth of centripetal experiences, beat, coloring material, visible radiation and touch, he choreographed sequences of infinites that would arouse a response at the most instinctual degree. In his early work modulating lines were used to direct these distinguishable messages to the head, following this the modular adult male would lend to this project. Light and dark would add a farther degree to the stage dancing of the promenade by playing to the edifice user physiologically through the power of symbolism. I will endeavor to analyze farther how the undermentioned sensory factors play a portion in modern architecture where engineering and even the promotion of light control can play a portion in the design and stage dancing of the modern promenade.Rhythms of the BodyScaleSoundLightColoring materialCentripetal StimulationOn a basic degree Le Corbusier’s promenade consists of a series of experiences in infinite utilizing texture visible radiation, memory and associations which provoke action but there is a more intricate combination of these which needs to be examined. It is how the usage of these elements together which formulates the true promenade in his edifices. Le Corbusier’s edifices can be examined from a set group of elements of his promenade but non every edifice can be examined with respect to this expression ( threshold, sensitizing anteroom, oppugning, reorientation and apogee ) therefore I have set myself the undertaking of making my ain expression or group of elements that will help my scrutiny of motion through museum infinite from past to show. It is from analyzing these standards against current theoretical accounts of museum design will help my quest to make a more piquant and geographic expedition promoting edifice to animate people to travel and interact with their milieus instead than the somewhat displaced relationship we presently have with our environment.IllustrationsPageFigureBeginning1Cover ImageAlexander Straulino – My First Lightbox6Figure 1Produced By Writer6Figure 2Ibid6Figure 3Ibid7Figure 4My Playground – Kasparworks9Figure 5Ibid9Figure 6Flavie A.Iteration Type A( 2009 )MentionsSamuel F. Le Corbusier & A ; the Architectural Promenade. Sheffield: Birkhauser 2010 Kent C. Bloomer, Charles W. Moore, Robert J. Yudell Body Memory & A ; Architecture. New Haven and London: Yale University Press 1977 Le Corbusier. The Marseille Block. London: Harville 1953 Menin S. & A ; Samuel F. Nature & A ; Space: Aalto and Le Corbusier. London: Routledge 2003 The Parkour Architect, picture, Flow-The Pakour Kommunity, 7 October 2012, viewed 31 October 2014 & lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.youtube.com/watch? v=sLWfRzgo__4 & A ; NR=1 & gt ;

Land Law Notes Essay

Land includes land of any tenure, and mines and minerals, whether or not held apart from the surface, buildings or parts of buildings (whether the division is horizontal, vertical or made in any other way) and other corporeal hereditaments; also a manor, an advowson, and a rent and other incorporeal hereditaments, and an easement, right, privilege, or benefit in, over, or derived from the land Law of Property Act 1925 s.62 A conveyance of land shall be deemed to include and shall by virtue of this Act operate to convey, with the land, all buildings, erections, fixtures, commons, hedges, ditches, fences, ways, waters, water-courses, liberties privileges, easements, rights, and advantages whatsoever, appertaining or reputed to appertain to the land, or any part thereof, or, at the time of conveyance, demised, occupied, or enjoyed with, or reputed or known as part or parcel of or appurtenant to the land or any part thereof. ‘He who owns the land owns everything up to the sky and down to the depths’ Unrealistic in modern times – pipes underground, aircraft above etc. Bernstein v Skyviews & General Ltd 1978 QB: Establishes that a landowner doesn’t have unqualified rights over the airspace of his land. Fixtures and Fittings Law of Property Act 1926 s.62 ‘Whatever is fixed to the land becomes part of the land’ Holland v Hodgson 1872 LR 7CP 328: Looms were fixtures as they were attached to the floor by nails, not just their own weight. If an article is annexed to the land by something more than its own weight, it’s a fixture, therefore part of the land. Elitestone v Morris 1997: Bungalow couldn’t be removed without its destruction. An objective test to determine whether the object was intended for the use or enjoyment of the land, or for the more convenient use of the object itself. General principle: whether an object is part of the land is determined by†¦ a) The physical degree of annexation Chelsea Yacht & Boat Co v Pope 2000 1WLR 1941: Boat on a river was a chattel not a fixture b) The purpose of the annexation: for better enjoyment of the land or for the better enjoyment of the chattel? Leigh v Taylor 1902 AC 157: These tapestries were works of art, but could be removed without causing structural damage. Therefore they were chattels not fixtures. Re Whaley 1908 1Ch 615: These tapestries were hung as to create the effect of an Elizabethan dwelling house, therefore they were fixtures. Relevance? Buyer: Taylor v Hamer 2002 EWCA Civ 1130: The Court decided that the flagstones were fixtures, and suggested that a seller is not allowed to remove fixtures without informing the buyer if there is a possibility that the buyer expects the fixtures to be included in the sale. Mortgage lender: Botham v TSB 1996 EGCS 149: The bank applied to the High Court to decide if certain everyday articles in the borrower’s flat were ‘fixtures’ and therefore were subject to the bank’s mortgage, so it could sell them as mortgagee. Taxation: Melluish v BMI 1996 AC 454 Landlord and tenant: A tenant has the right to remove ‘tenants fixtures and fittings’ at the end of the tenancy: Young v Dalgety 1987 1 EGLR 116: A better definition of a tenant’s fixture is any item which is properly legally identifiable as a fixture and which was installed and continues to be removable by the tenant, is a tenant’s fixture. Spyer v Phillipson 1929 2 Ch 183: So long as the chattel could be removed without doing irreparable damage to the demised premises, neither the method of attachment nor the degree of annexation, nor the quantum of damage that would be done either to the chattel itself or to the demised premises by the removal, had any bearing on the right of the tenant to remove it. Wessex Reserve Forces and Cadets Association v White 2005 EWHC 983: landlord’s intention here to ‘demolish’ the premises only led to its aspirations of regaining possession being ‘flattened’ when the court held that (objectively) the landlord’s (subjective) intention could not be implemented and that, in any event, the landlord would not require possession of the premises to carry out the proposed works. Ownership of things found on the land. Parker v British Airways Board 1982 QB 1004: court decided that the finder of a gold bracelet in a public area of British Airways was entitled to possess it against the whole world save the true owner. An occupier of a building has rights superior to those of a finder over chattels on or in, but not attached to, that building if, before the chattel is found, he has manifested an intention to exercise control over the building and the things which may be on or in it. Bridges v Hawkesworth 1851: The finder of a lost article is entitled to it as against all but the true owner. Waverley BC v Fletcher 1996 QB 334: owner or lawful possessor of land owned all that was in or attached to it. Local authority which owned a public open space had a right SUPERIOR to Finder to things found in the ground of that open space and was entitled to possess them against all but the rightful owner. Buried Treasure Treasure Act 1996 s.1(1) Defines what treasure is s.4(1) When treasure is found, it vests, subject to prior interest and rights†¦in the Crown†¦ s.8(1) A person who finds an object which he believes or has reasonable grounds for believing is treasure must notify the coroner for the district in which the object was found (within 14 days) s.8(3) Any person who fails to comply with subsection (1) is guilty of an offence†¦ s.10 Payment of rewards

Dick cheney's influence on foreign policy in the white house Essay

Dick cheney's influence on foreign policy in the white house - Essay Example He is the vortex in the White House on foreign policymaking. Everything comes through him† (Slavin & Page, 2003). This discussion examines this statement which reflects common perceptions regarding Cheney’s exceptional authority. When the current President Bush, with no previous foreign policy knowledge chose Dick Cheney, the Secretary of Defense under the first president Bush, as his Vice presidential nominee, it came to no one’s surprise that Cheney would have strong influence in these matters. However, early in the first term, the President was perceived as being surrounded by four equally powerful advisers, Secretary of State Colin Powell, National Security Adviser Condoleezza Rice, Cheney and Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld. Because of the President’s inexperience, Powell being kept in relative isolation from decision strategy sessions and Rice’s relegation as a coordinator, not a policy maker, both Cheney and Rumsfeld controlled foreign policy decisions. Though Powell left his position after the first term which Rice later accepted, the Cheney/Rumsfeld monopoly of foreign affair decision making remained unaffected. Currently, Cheney is undoubtedly the person shaping foreign policy and his staff is considered more influential than that of the National Security Council. Participants at upper-level foreign policy meetings have remarked that Cheney usually just asks questions and divulges little about his viewpoints regarding the discussions saving his opinions for private meetings with Bush. Cheney’s foreign affair positions may be obscured from the public and even the inner-circle at the White House but the impacts of those opinions have been front page news. Administration officials commented that Cheney produced the administration’s approach in the war on terrorism and toughened Bush’s determination to maintain the United State’s

Global Trade issues of Boeing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Global Trade issues of Boeing - Essay Example In fact, the company’s stock is part of Dow Jones Industrial Average. Absolute and Comparative Advantage A company is said to have an absolute advantage when it is capable of producing a specific good or service at a lower cost per unit compared to other companies in the same industry (Newquist 2010). It also pertains to the ability to produce a good or service more efficiently than other companies in the same industry. On the other hand, a company is said to have a comparative advantage when it has the ability to produce a particular product more efficiently than any other product (Newquist 2010). As earlier stated, Boeing is currently the leading exporter and manufacturer of airplane in the U.S. This is attributed to the absolute advantage it has acquired through the idea of the economy of scope. Report indicates that Boeing is the only aircraft manufacturer that has implemented the economy of scope making it possible for Boeing to produce two different products in two diffe rent markets at a relatively lower cost than two different firms do (White 2010). This has given Boeing an absolute advantage over other firms in the same industry. This is evident from the fact that Boeing manufactures both commercial and military aircrafts that sell in different markets (Rankin 2008, p.6). According to Benkard (2000, p.1035), all the competitors of Boeing competitor do not use this idea. Boeing also has a comparative advantage in its manufacturing processes. The company is regarded as the best manufacturer of military and commercial aircrafts in the U.S. The company has demonstrated these through quality airplanes it has manufactured for many years now (Benkard 2000, p.1035). Restrictions of trade Newquist (2010) reveals that Boeing is among the leading exporters of commercial and military aircrafts. Despite having enjoyed free trade with many countries that the U.S. trades with, the company has also faced a myriad of trade challenges. One such was witnessed when China imposed trade restriction on Taiwan, which placed Boeing at an awkward position (Bloomberg 2010). It is reported that China forced Boeing to comply by its trade restrictions or risk losing its U.S. arms contract in case it went ahead to sell its military arms to Taiwan that was then at a political dispute with China. China also went ahead to threaten Boeing of cancelation of its lucrative contract and expulsion out of China in case of noncompliance with trade restrictions imposed on it (Naele 2009, p.44). Marketing Marketing of Boeing products is normally done through segmentation. However, since traffic and economic growth rates vary from one region to another, Boeing segments its market geographically. For example, Boeing has focused most of its marketing efforts in Europe and North America regions because of their mature economies. As such, Boeing believes that these regions have a great potential of continuing to buy most of its airplanes (Golich 1992, p.899). In fact, the ability of the company to segment its market geographically gives it the opportunity to ascertain the demand of each segment. For example, Boeing can easily forecast the demand of Europe and North America due to their mature economies. This is due to the high number of air travelers in these regions (Golich 1992, p.899). Strategic Issues Boeing operation and reputation was recently affected due to what can be described as a strategic problem. The company has continually delayed the delivery of Boeing

Current Events in Public Health LeadershipLeadership Perspective Assignment

Current Events in Public Health LeadershipLeadership Perspective - Assignment Example Sebelius acknowledged that the eight-week period of the health care insurance marketplace roll-out was the lowest point in her work as secretary of Health and Human Services. This is not surprising because the failure has severe political impact on both the Obama administration and the policy itself. Such failure already eclipsed the positive outcomes of the policy, which already enrolled up to 7.1 million Americans (NBC 2013). More importantly, however, it reflected the brand of Sebelius leadership particularly in managing a complex project that could indicate an inadequacy to take the lead in the area of public health. The insurance marketplace roll out required health care enrolment online. A website, HealthCare.gov, was created in order to serve as the primary destination for Americans to buy insurance. Upon its launch, however, it encountered severe connectivity issues, server downtimes and serious inability on the part of users to use the website productively, frustrating many Americans in the process. One could say that Sebelius is not the developer of the website and did not create its code. However, the event demonstrated how she was able to handle one of the most critical programs not just of the health department but also of the incumbent administration. The outcome reflected her performance as a leader of health department. Her leadership style appears to be largely political in nature and this is not surprising because she was a political appointee and was the Kansas governor previously. This goes against the necessity to appoint leaders of public health that have the capacity to understand and, therefore, deal with the complexities and scale of problems and issues in public health. Koh and Jacobson (2009) stressed that public health problems entail special challenges that require long-term solutions and the cooperation of numerous stakeholders (p. 199). Sebelius failed in this respect.

Education and Professional Studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Education and Professional Studies - Essay Example This paper approves that The context of primary education in England and Wales in which the ideology of child-centered education is still central, it is not possible to devise any assessment task or test to be implemented by teachers, which will not be subject to very considerable contextual effects. The National Curriculum is a statement of educational entitlement to which no child should be denied. To withdraw a child’s entitlement by disapplying the National Curriculum requires strong justification. The Code of Practice on special educational needs reiterates the inclusivity of the National Curriculum: ‘Children with special educational needs require the greatest possible degree of access to a broad and balanced curriculum including the National Curriculum’. This paper makes a conclusion that one way of utilising children’s motivation for learning and of building on this is to encourage children to develop their own interests through topic- or project-based learning. The extent to which a topic approach to developing learning is motivating for children may depend on how the topic is chosen. Ways of introducing topics range from wholly child-centred to more strongly teacher-initiated. At the child-centred end are situations in which learning develops naturally from a child’s firsthand experiences. This approach requires much careful teacher guidance of children and direct teaching when the need for this is apparent. Its great strength is that it starts with the child’s interests but difficulty arises in ensuring progression, balance and breadth in learning.

Summary essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Summary - Essay Example In this part, Yagelski and Miller focuses on discussing the meaning and essence of an argument, and as well as how to analyze the different kinds of arguments that they may read or encounter, in which they argued that analyzing both the argument itself and the audience is important (Yagelski and Miller 100-140). Some of the most important concepts that Yagelski and Miller illustrated include understanding what is an argument and its purposes, the different contexts present in argumentation, and as well as the different kinds of argumentation in relation with how they are presented in tri-media—that is, print, visual and electronic. The second part of the book tried to illustrate the basic concepts of composing an argument. In this case, the authors discussed the different models of argumentation, including the different meanings of ethos, pathos and logos and how they are utilized on argumentation, the basics of the Toulmin Model of Argumentation, and as well as evaluating cla ims and warrants. ... Here, Yagelski and Miller asserted that while managing how to compose is important, the expectations of the audience is as equally important, and that it must always be taken into consideration whenever making an argument (Yagelski and Miller 317-345). In addition, the authors added that doing solid research is also important in making a solid argument, especially when one is able to make a comprehensive structure of arguments according to credible evidences. While doing research may determine a lot on how to make an argument credible and believable, properly documenting the different sources that were used also plays an important part. In fact, both Yagelski and Miller confirms that while good sources may make an argument credible and believable, utilizing bad sources can also destroy the credibility of an argument (Yagelski and Miller 427-451). In order to make research and documentation scholarly, the authors presented the different ways on documenting sources, including the MLA a nd APA style. The last part of the book tries to illustrate the different kinds of arguments, presenting different pieces of arguments in very hot issues such as gun control, immigration control, AIDS, and even literary criticism. In this part of the book, Yagelski and Miller claimed that while different styles of argument are used in every context of argumentation, anyone can still make a solid argument in any issue as long as the argument is actually grounded in solid research, has been constructed clearly, systematically and strategically, and has met the expectations of the audience in a way that gained their sympathy and belief (Yagelski and Miller 600-678). The nice thing about this part of the book is that it presents the readers a wide

Storage device Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

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The intriguing, strong-willed female characters in traditional Chinese Term Paper

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1.Visit a museum or gallery exhibition or attend a theater, dance, or Essay - 1

1.Visit a museum or gallery exhibition or attend a theater, dance, or musical performance - Essay Example (Sullivan&Sheffrin, 2003). The museum is divided into two; the North and South wings, housing the department of Biology and Geology respectively. At the main entrance, there is a sculpture on the ground level with a massive pigmented stone on the doorway, flanked by standing lamps designed in a well groomed manner. The museum has an atrium gallery with plenty of space, dominated by a well-designed sweeping staircase made of Alabama marble and well supported by manicured iron. The two departments have classrooms and laboratories, with basements housing the Museum’s teaching collections and field equipment; both are used by students and lectures. The museum provides a natural historical experience. It contains thousands of invaluable specimens from all kinds of scientific research. It contains historical documents, records and souvenirs which are well preserved. The visit gives one a full glimpse of what natural diversity means by exhibiting a number of dinosaurs, coal age, ice age and others. There is also a distinct exhibition of extinct collections of Geological artefacts and Zoology, which included preserved animals placed in clear enclosed windowpanes. Different minerals were also presented, some old, and having different textures and colours. Examples of the minerals included gem stones, iron ores, silt, diamonds, and specks of copper. Palaeontology items included different types of plant species, shrubs, leaves, seeds and ethnologically written documents explaining facts and whereabouts of different tribes in the world. Lastly, there was a number of photography that was done in different scenes in different time perio ds, showing different locations, or countries of the world. All the specimens, artefacts and other historical items were all labelled as properties of the museum. The well-marked names, labels and short brief descriptions of the items of specimens provided the learner or the viewer with a clear meaning of

What Criticisms of 19th Century Life Is Dickens Making in the Novel Great Expectations Essay Example for Free

What Criticisms of 19th Century Life Is Dickens Making in the Novel Great Expectations Essay Charles Dickens wrote the novel Great Expectations in 1861. He originally wrote it as weekly instalments for a magazine called ‘All the year round. ’ In the novel he criticised many things about 19th century life, for example, the importance of being a gentleman and social status, crime and punishment, childhood and last but not least the role of women. Charles Dickens was born on 7th February, 1812, and spent the first nine years of his life living in the coastal regions of Kent. Dickens’s father, John, was a kind and likable man, but he was hopeless with money and piled up tremendous debts throughout his life. When Dickens was nine, his family moved to London and when he was twelve, his father was arrested and taken to prison for unpaid debts. Dickens’s mother moved his seven brothers and sisters into prison with their father, but she arranged for the young Dickens to live alone outside the prison and work with other children pasting labels on bottles in a blacking warehouse. Dickens found the three months he spent apart from his family highly traumatic. Not only was the job itself miserable, but he considered himself too good for it, earning the contempt of the other children. After his father was released from prison, Dickens returned to school. He eventually became a law clerk, then a court reporter, and finally a novelist. Many of the events from Dickens’s early life are mirrored in Great Expectations, which, apart from David Copperfield, is his most autobiographical novel. Pip, the novel’s hero lives in the marsh country, works at a job he hates, considers himself too good for his surroundings, and experiences material success in London at a very early age, exactly as Dickens himself did. In addition, one of the novel’s most appealing characters, Wemmick, is a law clerk, and the law, justice, and the courts are all important components of the story. In Victorian society, a gentleman was a person of upper or middle class. Usually, one was born into being a part of the gentry as it was almost impossible to move up the social hierarchy. Being a part of this elite sector of the class system is what Dickens explores and in doing so exploits the ambiguity of the term ‘gentleman’ and the complications as to what makes a man become gentleman. One of the major criticisms of 19th century life in the novel is the need to distinguish between social prestige and moral worth. Dickens explores this theme by questioning ideas about the nature of a gentleman. Pip is central to this theme, as he represents the link between the social classes. He is the village boy who becomes a gentleman with the help of a criminal. However, the contrasting view given through Herbert Pocket and his father shows us that ‘no man who was not a true gentleman at heart, ever was, since the world began, a true gentleman in manner. Although Herbert has very little money, he is unquestionably a gentleman, both in the social sense, as he is well-born and has received an upper-class education, and in the moral sense, as he teaches Pip table manners, and, by example, that manners are meaningless unless they derive from sound moral principles. This is also illustrated through Compeyson, Miss Havershams lover, who possessed a superficial elegance that blinded people to his real nature. ‘He’s a gentleman, if you please, this villain’. Drummle is yet another example of an exaggerated type of gentleman. Although he has inherited money, and great expectations, he has no moral standards and remains idle, proud, reserved and suspicious. Dickens saw two sorts of gentlemen, Joe Gargery, who is a simple and hardworking blacksmith. He is also humble and kind. This was illustrated when he claimed that his father who was also a blacksmith ‘What sume’er the failings on his part, remember reader he were that good in his heart. ’ However, Drummle defined through his knowledge of social etiquette, the extent of his education, appearance and income. Dickens showed in his novel that one does not need to be wealthy and educated to be a gentleman. Crime and punishment is a key theme in ‘Great Expectations’ which is linked closely to justice and injustice. Pip is introduced to crime and criminals very early on when he is confronted with Magwitch on the marshes. This encounter compels Pip to steal from his own family, the iron file and the pork pie. So the first crime we see committed is by Pip, which is significant because the book is centred around crime and how Pip gets more and more involved. When Magwitch is caught, he is taken to the prison hulk where Pip got an insight into the justice system and saw how the prisoners were treated. Dickenss dissatisfaction with the prison system is evident when Wemmick is giving Pip a walking tour through the streets of London. Further evidence of Dickens concern can be found in Pips reaction to the Debtors Door of Newgate Prison, in which culprits came to be hanged. Using Pip as a vessel to express his latent views of criminals, Dickens expresses his deep-rooted memories of poverty and a father sentenced to debtors prison. This contradicts the fact that in real life, Dickens ‘believed’ the ‘model prisons’ to be too lenient to their inmates and extolled instead the virtues of hard and unrewarding labour, a regime which relied more upon punishment than moral improvement. This suggests that in real life, Dickens felt that it was more important to focus on the punishment of criminals, rather than giving them a second chance to redeem themselves. Further evidence of Dickenss concern for maximum punishment can be found in this statement regarding the punishment of a local street ruffian: ‘I would have his back scarified often and deep’. This attitude most likely stems from the fact that Dickens legal training gave him a far stricter outlook on prisoners. Dickens is often credited for being influential in the passing of the Capital Punishment Act of 1868, which banned public executions The reason Dickens was against public executions was because he felt they only made people sympathize too much with murderer, rather than the victim. Dickens paints an extremely vivid picture of childhood through the eyes and mind of Pip and sees the world through the eyes of a child. This was possible because Dickens understood the thoughts and feelings of children and applied this to Pips every thought and action when he wrote the novel. Dickens had an obvious gift for creating child characters in his works. The word ‘pip’ itself refers to a seed from a plant. Seeds need to be nurtured if they are to grow and flourish. In order to understand both Dickens talent and his compulsion to write about children it important to realize that through the characters in his novels he took up the plight of all children. In Dickens view of childhood, he felt that children have certain needs, for example, guidance in a nurturing home, to be free from emotional and physical abuse, to have a good education, and to be allowed to use their imaginations and as in the novel, Pip’s father figure, Joe Gargery had to work hard like his father before him and did not get an education. The phrase ‘brought up by hand’ implied emotional and physical abuse and yet it was meant to care and love in a very harsh way. In order for children to succeed in life he felt these needs must be met. Through his portrayal of child characters in the novel, Great Expectations, Dickens demonstrates how adults rarely, nor adequately provided for these particular needs that children have. In Great Expectations one can see how the women who fit Dickens ideas were rewarded with happy lives, usually in the form of marriage. Like in the case of Biddy, she was a nurse to a maimed Mrs. Joe and was the epitome of domesticity. She was later rewarded with a happy life by her marriage to Joe. Dickens imagines two types of women, subordinate and insubordinate, and rewards women according to their ability to render domestic harmony On the other hand, the women who did not conform to these ideas were punished in one way or another. Even though not all of Dickens attitudes reflected what was typical of the period, many did. Great Expectations is a reflection of those attitudes that were most likely encouraged by the women in his life. He believed as many did during the Victorian period that the womans place was in the home. Women were the caregivers of the world. Their lives were supposed to be centred on their family, for example, characters like Biddy and Clara Barley play the part of a natural, motherly type. Biddy takes over caring for Joe and Pip after Mrs. Joe is attacked by Orlick and dies soon after. Biddy, like Pip, is an orphan. She was the one that taught Pip to read and later taught Joe. Great Expectations is set in early Victorian England, a time when great social changes were sweeping the nation. The Industrial Revolution of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries had transformed the social andscape, enabling capitalists and manufacturers to amass huge fortunes. Although social class was no longer entirely dependent on the circumstances of one’s birth, the divisions between rich and poor remained nearly as wide as ever. Throughout England, the manners of the upper class were very strict and conservative: gentlemen and ladies were expected to have thorough classical educations and to behave appropriately in innumerable social situations These criticisms as defined by Dickens in his novel were felt in almost every facet of Great Expectations. Pip’s sudden rise from country labourer to city gentleman forces him to move from one social extreme to another while dealing with the strict rules and expectations that governed Victorian England. Ironically, this novel about the desire for wealth and social advancement was written partially out of economic necessity. He also portrays characters caught up by social forces primarily via lower-class conditions but which usually steer them to tragic ends beyond their control.

The Globalisation Of The Rastafari Cultural Studies Essay

The Globalisation Of The Rastafari Cultural Studies Essay Globalization of Rastafari is a highly rich historical and ethnographic work exploring Rastafarian from its origin in the early twentieth century to the world today. The book analyses the political, cultural, spiritual, geographical, political, sociological and psychological aspects of globalization on the rastafari movement, and provides a carefully weighed and richly illustrated assessment of the benefits and ills that have flowed from globalization as well as suggestions for steering it towards more positive outcomes in the future. It highlights the pursuit for change among an oppressed people and how they settled in other countries. This literary work serves to show how the Rastafarian movement created their own dogmatic ideology. The articles in the book focus most particularly on the latter two concerns: first, how does the global context of Rastafari affect the dynamics of the movement and the forms the movement takes? Second, how do we understand the potential impact of Rastafari on the larger world when we view it in a global light?  [1]   As we link the inception of the Rastafarian movement in the 1930s to todays time, it can be implied that they are still trying to get global recognition of their unique syncretic religion. There is still a struggle even now to regain their African heritage and cultural identity and ideologically distance themselves from what many perceive to be the misguided and unjust societies in which they live.  [2]   The first chapter seeks to give an overview of the general content of the collection of articles that were used to create this literary work. R.C. Slater through his methodology gives us a very lucid explanation of the term Globalization as relates to the Caribbean and the wider world. He shows that since the time of Columbus, the population of the Caribbean has been a truly global population, comprised of Africans, Asians, Native Americans and Europeans.  [3]   He postulates that Rastafari is a syncretic religion derived from Christian and African sources continues to expand globally via foreign missionaries and as believers participate in a new Diaspora in search of work and livelihood. Not only do these religions spread religious ideas and practices, but they also have become sources of inspiration for art, literature and music around the world. He introduces the term Babylon, which can be definitively traced to Marcus Garveys teachings, which liken the Afro-Caribs in the West to the Jews Exile into Babylon. The institution of slavery created tremendous suffering for those that were enslaved in both of these cases. The term Babylon is used in Rasta terms with much negative connotations. It is something that they are radically opposed to. Corruption, politics, police, laws, and cities are often referred to as Babylon  [4]   In chapter two, Richard Slater seeks in defining Who are the Rastafari? stating the negative connotation that the world at large may label them. He writes that despite the many and confusing answers to the question, it is undeniable that people who identify themselves as Rastafari exist. He stresses the difficulty in defining Rastafari and states, I do not believe it is possible to present an all-encompassing definition of Rastafari, but a workable minimum characterization of it will be helpful. My focus here will be on Rastafari I-consciousness as an element of the movement.  [5]  He goes on to show how this I indicator relates to the Rastafari identity and that the central features of Rastafari are not necessarily found in either beliefs or practices, but a set of unorthodox religious practices when compared to established religions. He further mentions that there are major differences in the Rastafi core belief system with respect to Leonard Barretts six tenets of Rastafarian beliefs. He writes, I met many people who identified themselves as Rastafari, but who did not acclaim Haile Selassie to be the living god, others considers Selassie to have been a corrupt sham.  [6]  ; and also , no Rasta whom I have ever met would claim that it is by virtue of smoking ganja that one is a Rasta. In fact, if one is reliant on ganja if one cannot exist without it one certainly has been trapped by Babylon. In chapter four, Slater interviews Mutabaruka, who is a DJ for Jamaicas IRIE FM radio station, a poet and some consider him as an international emissary of Rastafari. Matabaruka is very unorthodox in his beliefs, he openly states, As a matter of fact, you will hear purely negative things about Jesus when you come to I. Because I and I dont have anything good to say about Jesus, because Jesusà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ because Jesus became like the Devil.  [7]   Mutabaruka meticulously answers the questions put to him by Slater, and very candidly allude to the fact that the majority of Rastafari have deviated far from Rastafari true essence and way of life. Mutabaruka attribute the spread of Rastafarism out of Jamaica is via the reggae music and that many reggae artists can only articulate Rastafari in the music but not outside the music. Also the culture of Rastafari can spread, can be identified with, can be lived true by anyone who identifies with oppression and anyone who feels disenfranchised by the colonial system or white supremacist system that maintains itself all over the world would gravitates towards Rastafari. Mutabaraka does not foresee Rastafari being decentralised from Jamaica due to globalization but rather he thinks Jamaica is almost like Jerusalem when it comes to experiencing Rastafari. He argues that Rastafari is not a religion but its a way of life. In chapter five, the article by Jan DeCosmo explores the shape Rastafari identity has taken in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, from its introduction through reggae music and its revaluation of African heritage, to its ambivalent relationship to Afro-Bahian spirituality.  [8]  DeCosmo shows that amidst the racial discrimination that Afro-Brazilians face in line with poverty, oppression, and social injustice, they still manage to keep alive their Rastafarian culture via the reggae music. Such poverty, constructed on the shoulders of a colonial and racist history, and supported by continuing legacies of that colonial and racist history, is one context in which Bahias Rastafari community has arisen to resist oppression, to call for justice, and to revalorize Bahias black African heritage.  [9]  DeCosmo writes that some of the Rastafarians she interviewed were proud of having rejected the globalized world, or what they call Babylon and replace it with a divine order, an order of spirit, of love, of African roots. As such, Rastafari identity continues to be linked with cultural resistance and a desire to radically change the world. DeCosmo further writes that there are differences between Bahian and Jamaican Rastafari. Thus, there are two differences between Bahian Rastafari and Jamaican Rastafari that deserve attention. First, among Bahian Rastafari there is much less emphasis placed on physical repatriation to Africa than in ideal typical Jamaican Rastafari especially in its early stages. Second, Bahian history has given Rastafari there a special relationship to the religion and culture of the orixas.  [10]   With respect of the connation globalization of the Rastafari as it applies to Bahian Rastafari, we observe the prevalence of distinctly African cultural practices in Bahia. One of the interesting differences between orthodox Rastafari and cultural Rastafari is the different levels of tolerance each has for the religion and culture of the orixas. Unlike cultural Rastafari, the orthodox stand opposed to indigenous forms of Afro- Bahian religion and culture, such as Candomblà © and Carnival. Thus the globalized Rastafari in Bahia is far from being achieved since each group see their roots in a distinctively different location. In chapter seven Michael Barnett explores from a Jamaican diasporic perspective, the impact that the migration of Jamaicans to England, the United States and Canada has had on the globalization of the Rastafari movement. Barnett gives a clear picture of the reality that the Jamaicans faced when they migrated to England as recruits to help to rebuild England and its economy after the devastation it suffered during World War II. They were to be given the opportunity to improve and develop their social and economic life but they were greatly deceived. As Barnett writes, There were in fact no institutions established in England to welcome and process the Jamaican newcomers. As a result Jamaicans had to learn to cope on their own in their new home, against a background of racial discrimination and prejudice. Notting Hill, West London was the scene of major race riots in England and gave birth to the now famous Notting Hill Carnival.  [11]  It is said that this incident gave birth to the Rastafari movement in England in 1950s. Black power movements soon developed over the next few years where we saw many Black power leaders emerged and some were imprisoned for inciting racial hatred after making what w ere considered inflammatory speeches to their audiences. After years of struggle, reggae had experienced its definitive breakthrough into the mainstream pop culture of England mainly due to effective marketing of Bob Marleys music. The popularity of reggae music during the seventies served to secularize the Rastafari movement, with many youths embracing the political, social and cultural message of Rastafari, and not necessarily the religious beliefs of the movement. With respect to Rastafari groups in Canada,during the late sixties the Civil Rights struggle in the USA spread across to Canadian Blacks This helped to fuel the growth of the Rastafari movement. Rasta was seen as a bizarre cult and faced the same hardship as was in England. Two distinct Rastafari group emerged,the more politically oriented Rasta tended to participate in the general struggles of the Black community while those Rasta more steeped in religiosity tended to remain as mere spectators on the sidelines. In the USA, the presence of the Rastafari movement is due to Caribbean migration. The Jamaicans have infiltrated the USA whereby in Brooklyn in New York is frequently referred to as Little Jamaica. They are well established having regular reggae concerts and setting up clothing and record stores. And similarly to the other countries, the Rasta is seen as criminals, thugs etc. Barnett ends his article by mentioning two Rastafari services, Nyahbinghi Rastafari binghi and the Boboshante binghi. At the Nyahbinghi Rastafari binghi, the core of the activity was significantly at the Tabernacle where the drummers pounded away incessantly but rhythmically, lulling much of the crowd into a semi-hypnotic trance. The air was thick with the smell of ganja,and just in front of the tabernacle a group of brethren smoked their spliffs as they observed the proceedings. At the Boboshanti ceremony, they read Psalms from the bible, whereupon after every verse or so, everyone would say, Holy Emmanuel I, Selassie I, Jah Rastafari with the accompaniment of drums. Barnett commended the Binghis at both mansions for their authenticity and their Jamaican-ness., and it is fair to say that one could not tell that one was not in Jamaica. The exposition and general discussion throughout the book have established and did justice to the term, Globalization. We can clearly get an insight into how the Rastafarian movement has managed to extend its reach and influence throughout the Caribbean, from England to Zimbabwe and also as far north as Canada and as far south as Brazil and South Africa. The book is well worth the price and I strongly recommend this book to anyone desirous of getting a deep insight into the historical development from early stages to modern times of the Rastafari and their struggle through racism, labelling, oppression and all such negative conations. The book clears any misconception that one may have about their rituals, beliefs, culture and most of all their music, reggae, which seems to be the one thing that formulates this whole idea of a globalized Rastafari.

Benefits Of Multinational Corporations In Developing Countries Economics Essay

Benefits Of Multinational Corporations In Developing Countries Economics Essay Low economic growth rates, obsolete technology, less capital, high unemployment rate and poor standard of living are the characteristics of developing countries. According to UNCTAD (2008), these countries usually invest 3 to 4 % of their GDP against estimated 7 to 9% annually in infrastructure which in results into gap in current volume of investments. This is where Multinational Corporations (MNC) maximizes their benefits by investing in host developing countries through their technological and other assets advantage.  These corporations are usually large firms operating in imperfect market to open up new sources of information and knowledge and broaden the options of strategic moves which make the company competing with its home and global competitors. In the 19th  century, the newly emerged capitalist in developed Europe started to invest in less developed countries of the world including United States. This gave rise to Multinational enterprise in those countries particularly held by France, Germany, Britain and Holland. A multinational enterprise is an enterprise that engages in foreign direct investment and owns or, in some way, controls value-added activities in more than one country (Dunning Lundan 2008). These firms have substantial direct investment in foreign countries and manage their operations both strategically and organizationally. Examples of MNCs include American Express, Wal-Mart, IBM, Hitachi and Unilever. About 85% of worlds automobiles, 70% of computers and 65% of soft drinks are produced and marketed by MNCs. According to World Development Report, about 450 companies with annual revenues in excess of $1billion account for over 80% of the total investment made by all companies outside their home countries. One of the traditional motives for companies to invest abroad was the need to  secure key supplies  such as Standard Oil interested to open up new fields in the Middle East, Canada and Venezuela which turned out to be largest emerging MNCs of 19th  century. Companies like Nestle, Ford and Bayer expanded internationally mainly in search of new market due to insufficient support from their small home markets compare to the technology and volume-intensive manufacturing process they pursue. In 1984, Nike shutdown its last US factory and shifted companys total production to the cheap labour in Asia to have access to  low-cost factors of production.   Apart from labour,  lower-cost capital  also became a strong traditional cause for internationalization such as subsidies from host countries government. These driving traditional factors push companies mainly from the US Europe to become Multinational Corporations. According to the World Investment Report 2002, the overall val ue-added of ExxonMobil in 2000 was $63 billion and the value-added GDP of Chile was $71 billion in 2000. According to Professor Vernon, companies developed a much richer foundation for their international operations as the global business environment became more complex and complicated. As MNCs established international sales and production operations, their strategy became more integrated in global sense. The first new first emerging set of forces were the rising economies of scale, expanding RD investments and shortening product life cycles which became necessary for firms to survive in those businesses. Global scanning and learning was the second factor that often became essential to a firms global strategy to enhance their technological or marketing advantage. Lastly, it became evident that firms started to bring competitive positioning as the third factor for internationalization by cross-subsidization of markets.  This clearly evaluate firms were rarely driven by a single motivation factor. According to Dunnings eclectic paradigm, multinational enterprises must meet three prerequisites for their existence. Firstly, foreign countries must offer certain location-specific advantages to motivate MNCs to invest there. Secondly, in order to counteract or match with some strategic capabilities with foreign markets, the company must provide a unique strategic competencies or ownership-specific advantages. Lastly, company must have some internalization advantages or organizational capabilities to earn good returns from leveraging its strategic strengths internally rather than externally through licenses or contracts. Companies like Wal-Mart entered in UK by buying supermarket chain ASDA with high-commitment-high-control mode of operating. Amazon.com, for example, uses same approach in Canada by managing its website control from the United States and securing reliable Canadian postal service for order fulfilment. Dragon multinationals from developing countries like Asia Pacific succeed regardless of limited primary resources, skills and knowledge, and social capital. In the era of state-driven development, these firms often internationalized to avoid extreme regulation at their home countries. Their main driver was to search for new markets and technological innovation by using strategies of linkage, leverage and learning. According to World Investment Report 2004, few top Dragon multinationals from developing economies are Hutchison Whampoa (Hong Kong), Singtel (Singapore), Petronas (Malaysia) and Cemex (Mexico). In the light of the degree of commitment and risk involved, set against the level of control and closeness of market, there are range options available for firms looking to internationalise its operations. The firm can choose range as per their growth of experience and degree of commitment to operate globally. Exporting is the first stage where firms can enter international business. It involves selling goods or services from one country to another in two ways. Technic group a UK based tyre making company developed its overseas business by arranging exclusive distribution agreements in each country for the two brands it manufactured which is direct exporting. Flymo a medium-sized British lawnmower making company shifted its overseas business from a distribution to more direct control to think long term for its own export success. This is an example of indirect exporting. Licensing is another stage where firms enter foreign market by providing license to a host countries firm to utilize or sell intellectual property in exchange for financial returns. A major potential drawback in any licensing is when the agreement between the two firms comes to an end; the licensor firm may stand up as a potential powerful competitor. In 1969, the French magazine Elle granted a license for a Japanese version to a local firm, Mag House to sell its magazine. But the Japanese version advanced beyond the original concept and the contract was void in 1988.Franchising is a phenomenal growing form of licensing for firms to internationalize their operations abroad. In UK, franchise accounts for 10% of retail sales with expected increase to 25-30% in coming years. Benetton is a good example whose shop grew from 0 to 650 in US in five years by providing franchisee to firms who can use companys marketing benefit as a well known trademark against agreed payments and systems of c ontrol. But many problems are associated with franchising which revoke a franchise and end up being very costly. Due to failure of operating 14 outlets according to McDonalds standards, company had to withdraw the license of its largest franchisee in France. In the post-war period, there has been substantial growth in joint venture activity which is the second stage strategies for firms operating internationally. The General Motors Toyotas joint venture NUMMI is an equity joint venture with a separate legal personality which operates in US with an agreed life of 12 years in the initial agreement for long term commitments. Another type of business venture between firms where no separate legal personality is formed is described as contractual join venture. Here firms will assist and share the risks and rewards of the collaboration in a clear specific ways. British Aerospace and Taiwan Aerospace in 1993 agreed to set up a joint venture for the manufacture of a regional jet aircraft. This enabled British Aerospace to shift some of its final assembly work to Taiwan to access lower labour costs. However, due to potential conflicts between partners can lead to the termination of the co-operation agreement such as operational disagreements or d isagreements over use and requisition of profits. Firms can also internationalize through other contractual forms of international business such as management contracts, turnkey operations, contract manufacturing and countertrade. According to Financial Times report (1992), Canadas Four Seasons Hotels will under take management of five Japanese Regent International hotels under an agreement becoming worlds largest operator of luxury hotels. But one of the top stage strategies for firms becoming multinational enterprise is Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) where firm is seeking high growth of experience with high degree long-term commitment. FDI has been defined as the acquisition or establishment of profit-generating assets in a host country over which the investing firm has control. According to Financial Times report (1989), Bosch a company from West Germany decided to invest  £100 million on a production facility in Miskin, north west Cardiff in order to produce high technology car alternators. The decision got finalized due to l ower labour cost in Britain compared to Germany and availability of Welsh labour force who demonstrated its keenness and flexibility to adapt at Japanese transplants. But there limitations for FDI such as the security of fixed and liquid investments, the business units economic feasibility, and ability to move currency freely inside and outside of the host country. Despite these limitations, countries like US and UK had the largest stock of outward FDI in 1991 i.e. $385 billion and $226 billion respectively. Due to the emergence and the growth of the MNCs, there have been massive changes in the world economy. The scopes of MNCs operations in the number of host countries and all kind of strategic alliances have expanded. Also, there have been remarkable changes in the relations with home and host governments as well as with international governmental and non-governmental organizations.

The United States and the International Criminal Court (ICC) Essay

The United States and the International Criminal Court (ICC) Statement of Purpose This paper will clearly lay out the Unites States concerns with the International Criminal Court and will attempt to resolve them. I will then argue that no country has the right to be above international law, including the United States and that it is in the best interest of America and the world community for the united states to join the efforts of the ICC and sign the Rome Statute. Introduction to the ICC â€Å"In the prospect of an international criminal court lies the promise of universal justice. That is the simple and soaring hope of this vision. We are close to its realization. We will do our part to see it through till the end. We ask you...to do yours in our struggle to ensure that no ruler, no State, no junta and no army anywhere can abuse human rights with impunity. Only then will the innocents of distant wars and conflicts know that they, too, may sleep under the cover of justice; that they, too, have rights, and that those who violate thus rights will be punished.† Kofi Annan, UN Secretary-General The Twentieth Century was the bloodiest in record history with over 174 million people killed in mass murders and genocides; more often then not, victims’ cries went unanswered. Following World War II the United Nations realized the need to take action in ending impunity from these horrible crimes against humanity. With one of the primary objectives of the United Nations being to secure â€Å"universal respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms of individuals throughout the world,† the United Nations recognized the need to establish an international criminal court. In 1948, at the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the ... ...xisNexis. November 3, 2003. http://web.lexis-nexis.com/universe/document? Davenport, David. â€Å"Commentary: New Threat to U.S. Sovereignty. United Press International.† August 2003. Lexis Nexis. December 3, 2003. http://web.lexis-nexis.com/universe/document? The Roman Statute of the ICC: Jurisdiction. November 3, 2002. Internet. http://www.icc.int/en/ICC_jurisdiction.html PIPA. Americas on Globalization: A Study of US Public Attitudes. International Cooperation. March 28, 2000. Internet. December 4, 2003. http://www.pipa.org/OnlineReports/Globalization/4.html PIPA. Americans on Globalization. All Notes. Question 83. December 2, 2003. Internet. http://www.pipa.org/OnlineReports/Globalization/notes/allnotes_.html Margrethe, Ellen. â€Å"U.S. Peacekeepers Integral and Prosecutable.† August 2002. LexisNexis. November 3, 2002. http://web.lexis-nexis.com/universe/document?

Sigmund Freuds Representation of Three Tall Women Essay -- Freud Psyc

A Deeper Understanding of Three Tall Women According to Sigmund Freud, psychoanalysis is a â€Å"procedure for the investigation of mental processes which are almost inaccessible in any other way† (Fodor and Gaynor 147). It becomes a deeper contrast of a person’s mentality to consider the design of â€Å"interplay† within the â€Å"urging and checking forces† of the conscious and unconscious (Fodor and Gaynor 147). Freud’s representation of â€Å"Three Tall Women,† relate the characters by the â€Å"neuroses that sometimes result from the suppression of memories and desires too painful to deal with† (Freud, â€Å"The Dependent Relationship of the Ego). While not completely opposing religion as a factor in the conscious and unconscious, Freud does claim that the â€Å"Oedipus complex is at the root of religious feeling† (Palmer 113); so the idea of religion is not based on the desire of pleasing a God with the basis of good vs. bad, but instead, according to Freud, i t is the sexual desires that come from being attached to a father figure. As characters B and C are introduced first as outside acquaintances, then as stages of character A’s past, the play is transformed into what may be perceived as Freud’s theory to the relation of the conscious and the unconscious, but could also be noted as the change a person undergoes throughout their lifetime in which religion, or the desire to maintain morality, is checked by outside influences. The interpretation, backed by Carl Jung, argues that â€Å"religion need no longer be perceived as a conglomerate of guilt ridden repressions and ritualized obsessions, but as a natural and legitimate dimension of psychic activity† (Palmer 113). When Freud’s argument is counterbalanced, it can be found that the interpretation F... ...ud may be correct on some terms, but the true unconscious desires do not come from a sexual want, but more from the want of a moral individuality, and characters C and B epitomize such a notion and deep understanding that exists in character A, but is challenged with the influence of society and the struggles of growing older. Albee, Edward. Three Tall Women. New York: Dramatists Play Service, Inc. Fodor, Nandor, ed and Gaynor, Frank, ed. Freud: Dictionary of Pychoanalysis. New York: Philosophical Library, 1950. Freud, Sigmund. Civilization and its Discontents. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 1930. Freud, Sigmund. â€Å"The Dependent Relationship of the Ego.† Palmer, Michael. Freud and Jung on Religion. London: Routledge, 1997. Personality Theories: Sigmund Freud. Boerce, C. George.. 25 November 2007 .

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight :: Essays Papers

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Character Analysis Sir Gawain, the nephew of King Arthur, is described by the unknown author of Gawain and the Green Knight as "the good knight" and "most courteous" (Norton, 204 & 215). Although young, Gawain understands the true meaning of chivalry and honor, therefore bases his lifestyle on the knightly Code of chivalry. This is exemplified through various tests that he faced, both with the Green Knight, and with the Knight's wife. If all knights were like Gawain, then the Round Table would be a much better place. The first character test he is put to occurs when he faces the supernatural forces of the Green Knight during the New Year's celebration at Camelot. As the Round Table is faced with an extraordinary challenge, to swing at the stranger with an ax, Gawain bravely steps in for King Arthur when no one else is willing. He is fearful that Arthur will endure some great danger by partaking in the stranger's game, therefore he would rather subject himself to the danger and protect Arthur. He is able to save his lord from any possibility of jeopardy and his fellow knights of humiliation by jumping up from the dinner table and screaming: "Would you grant me the grace, To be gone from this bench and stand by you there, If I without discourtesy might quit this board,... When such a boon is begged before all these knights, though you be tempted thereto, to take it on yourself While so bold men about upon benches sit†¦ I am the weakest, well I know, and of wit feeblest; And the loss of my life would be least of any; That I have you for uncle is my only praise; My body, but for your blood, is barren of worth; And for that this folly befits not a king, And 'tis I that have asked it, it ought to be mine, And if my claim be not comely let all this court judge, in sight." (Norton, 209) This shows the respect that Gawain has for his king. He is a great knight, but he modestly says that "the loss of my life would be least of any." He knows that he is a great knight and is extremely important to the unity of the Round Table, but he would rather stay humble and retained than to call himself superior.

Life of Pi Analysis Essay

A. Example one In the early stages of Life of Pi, Martel mentions a place that Pi and Ravi had gone to visit while on vacation. While looking aimlessly through the window, they noticed three hills. On top of one hill was a catholic church, another a Hindu temple, and the other a Muslim mosque. Each hill portrays each of the religions in Pi’s complex faith. The hills represent Pi’s struggles to understand each religion. Later on, we find out that Pi is caught in between these three religions. He couldn’t completely disregard any of the religions, so each one kept warring for a place in his life. In How to Read Literature like a Professor, Foster repeatedly says how symbols usually have more than one possible meaning. So another possible meaning for the three hills is that each of the warring religions has a different part in his life. The religions are separated by being on each hill, but they live simultaneously in the same general area. Just as, in Pi’s life, each relig ion has its separate area of his mind, but they all partake in his life. B. Example 2 In How to Read Literature like a Professor, Foster also talks about allegories. The relationship between the tiger and Pi can be considered an allegory. A lot of the time spent on the boat is the classic fight of good vs. evil. Pi, seen as a naive child who could do no wrong, takes the role of the good character. Richard Parker represents the savage â€Å"dark side† and takes the role of evil. As the story progresses you see that each could not survive without the other. Richard Parker showed Pi that he could not have survived by being the sweet faultless boy who could not kill and eat a fish. Pi showed Richard Parker that he is inferior to Pi by training him and getting him food. The battle between the two at the beginning digressed to a mutual realization that good cannot always conquer evil and evil cannot always conquer good. â€Å"It’s the plain truth: without Richard Parker, I  wouldn’t be alive today to tell you my story.† (Martel, 164) C. Example 3 Colors play a very important role in Life of Pi. The color orange represents hope and survival. He had an orange life buoy and an orange whistle. â€Å"If there hadn’t been a life buoy, I wouldn’t have lasted a minute.† (Martel, 117) There was an orange tarpaulin that he secured himself in on the life boat. All of these objects helped him survive the sinking and gave him hope for future survival. Richard Parker might’ve been the biggest thing keeping him alive, and he was a 450 pound orange Bengal tiger. Orange is the color of Hinduism as well which shows how religion still gives him hope. The next color is green. It is the symbolic color of Islam. Muslims believe that green represents home and safety. The Algae Island was a blinding green and kept him safe from starvation for a day and let him be on solid ground like his home. Green and orange represent two of the three religions that kept Pi fighting for life. Green gave him safety and a sense of home an d orange gave him hope for survival. 2. Chapter 5: Now, Where Have I Seen Her Before? A. Example 1 â€Å"There’s no such thing as a wholly original work of literature.† (Foster, Chapter 5) Foster presented the idea that, knowingly or not, every author takes ideas from other stories and twists them into their own. In the case of Life of Pi, Yann Martel may not have been thinking about any other particular piece of literature, but Life of Pi, specifically the sinking of the Tsimtsum, is very similar to a very famous story known as Titanic. The Titanic was an enormous ship that was thought never to sink in a million years. According to Piscine, the Tsimtsum could not sink either. â€Å"For days the ship had pushed on, bullishly indifferent to its surroundings. The sun shone, rain fell, winds blew, currents flowed, the sea built up hills, the sea dug up valleys—the Tsimtsum did not care.† (Martel, Chapter 38) But nonetheless, both the Tsimtsum and the Titanic ended up at the bottom of the ocean with a great fight. B. Example 2 Later in the story, Pi reveals a second interpretation of the seven month journey. He replaces the animals with humans like his mother and the cook. In this side, Pi portrays himself as the ferocious tiger, Richard Parker, essentially becoming his doppelganger. While Pi was on the inescapable lifeboat, he was trapped with Richard Parker. In accordance to Foster’s idea that no literature is original, this version could be extremely comparable to The Picture of Dorian Gray and Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. In The Picture of Dorian Gray, Dorian is forced to deal with an evil side of him after he trades his life for youth. In Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, Jekyll accidentally creates a concoction that gives him another personality called Mr. Hyde who commits crimes and can easily be named evil. In all three cases, the protagonist is faced with an uncontrollable alternate personality. C. Example 3 Another obvious comparison is the fairy tale Beauty and the Beast. One can clearly see the resemblance between Life of PI and Beauty and the Beast if they figure the plot of both stories. Pi is a normal Indian boy with a somewhat eccentric father who goes through a series of unfortunate events. These events somehow lead to him being stuck in a lifeboat with a Bengal tiger. With time, the tiger becomes his friend and his savior from other wild animals. Belle is a normal young woman with an unusual father. She is also dragged through a series of unfortunate events in which she finds herself stranded in the middle of a forest kept in a castle with another unidentified wild beast that also saves her from a pack of wild dogs and also gradually becomes her close friend and lifelong companion. It is easily assumed that Piscine and Belle, and Richard Parker and Beast, are the same. â€Å"The point is this: stories grow out of other stories, poems out of other poems.† (Foster, Chapter 5) 3. Chapter 26: Is He Serious? And Other Ironies A. Example 1 In How to Read Literature like a Professor, Foster says, â€Å"Irony trumps  everything.† (Foster, Chapter 26) â€Å"I was named after a swimming pool. Quite peculiar considering my parents never took to water.† (Martel, Chapter 3) Water is the element of torture in Pi’s existence. The very basics of Piscine’s life are ironic. He is named after a swimming pool, but throughout the early parts of his life, he is tortured because of his name. His parents and the rest of his family are killed by drowning after a shipwreck. He spends the most grueling seven months of his life surrounded by water. During that time, he comes close to dying of dehydration because he has no water to drink. The whole time he has an abundance of water, but since it is salt water, it will only make his situation worse. He needs water to live, but it has been the main factor in most of the tragedies he has experienced. The irony of Pi’s relationship with water trumps everythin g else in the book, just as Foster said it would. B. Example 2 â€Å"It seemed the presence of a tiger had saved me from a hyena- surely a textbook example of jumping from the frying pan into the fire.† (Martel 136) It is ironic that the tiger, the animal thought to pose the most danger, saves him from the less dangerous hyena. It is thought that Richard Parker would be the end of Pi because he is the most ferocious animal, but instead he becomes Pi’s savior from the other animals. It is ironic that at the beginning of the book, Pi and the rest of the people surrounding him have power over the animals. â€Å"Just beyond the ticket booth Father had painted on the wall in bright red letters the question: DO YOU KNOW WHICH IS THE MOST DANGEROUS ANIMAL IN THE ZOO? An arrow pointed to a small curtain. There were so many eager, curious hands that pulled at the curtain that we had to replace it regularly. Behind it was a mirror.† (Martel 31) Pi came from a world where he was always in a position of superiority, but now on the boat, he is helpless and inferior to the tiger and the other animals. â€Å"I am alone and orphaned, in the middle of the Pacific, hanging onto an oar, an adult tiger in front of me, sharks beneath me, and a storm raging above me.† (Martel 107) C. Example 3 At the start of the book, Piscine is seen as a sweet innocent naà ¯ve boy. In  his mind and religions, doing bad things never led to good things, so he remained innocent and faultless. He held doing the right thing and never the wrong very close to him. Ironically, all of his values went out the window by the end of the book. At first he wouldn’t eat meat because of his religions, but his sustenance on the boat was fish. Murder used to be the worst possible thing someone could do, but he murdered the other man on the lifeboat in order to stay alive. He loved God and his religions so much, but he finds himself screaming and yelling at God. In all of these instances, he loses his innocence, morals, and everything he treasured before the wreck, but without making the hard decisions he had, he wouldn’t have survived. In a way, his loss of innocence is what kept him alive.

Productive and Counterproductive Behaviors Paper

Productive and Counterproductive Behaviors in the Workplace Employees within an organization can either contribute positively or negatively towards their employing organization’s overall success and effectiveness. The organizations that ream the most productive behaviors from their employees typically incorporate motivational and leadership activities that encourage these behaviors (Jex & Britt, 2008). This paper will define counterproductive and productive behaviors and describe the impact those behaviors have on job performance and the overall performance of an organization.Counterproductive Behaviors Logic says that employees should want to do well in their jobs. But despite this logic, some employees do not. For various reasons employees will sometimes perform counterproductively towards their employer’s overall goals. Examples of these types of behaviors are ineffective job performance, frequent absence from work, unsafe behavior, turnover, theft, violence, substan ce abuse, and sexual harassment (Jex & Britt, 2008). These types of behaviors can result in high costs for organizations.Detecting Counterproductive Behavior The best way employers can detect counterproductive behavior among employees is to perform routine performance appraisals. There are several methods for performing appraisals, including electronic, production data, and subjective appraisals. Each of these systems has pros and cons to it, and are only marginally effective (Jex & Britt, 2008). The truly best way to detect counterproductive behavior is to interact with employees and monitor their job satisfaction. What Causes Counterproductive Behavior?An employee who does not perform well in his or her job may do so for reasons like lack of ability, interruptions from other employees, or poor task design (Jex & Britt, 2008). As well, poor job performance may result from elements in the organizational climate that provoke poor attitude, or, much less often, because of deep psychia tric problems (Jex & Britt, 2008). Once an employer detects a counterproductive behavior among his or her workforce he or she must try to pinpoint the cause of the behavior. One way of doing this is through the attribution process, in which the mployee’s supervisor would evaluate an employee’s current performance against his or her past performance, his or her performance on specific tasks versus his or her overall performance, and his or her performance compared to other employees. By doing this the supervisor can try to determine the cause of the ineffective behavior and whether it is being caused by internal (lack of ability or motivation, poor attitude, or psychiatric issues) or external (coworkers, poor task design, or lack of tools) factors (Jex & Britt, 2008). Responding to Counterproductive BehaviorOnce a behavior is detected and the cause of the behavior is analyzed, employers must decide how to respond to the behavior. The best first response is to have the e mployee’s manger discuss the counterproductive behavior with the employee in question (Jex & Britt, 2008) and determine whether the behavior can be corrected in order for the employee to retain his or her position. Once the discussion takes place the manager and employee can decide whether further training or coaching would encourage improved behavior or whether an Employee Assistance Program (EAP) would be beneficial (Jex & Britt, 2008).Of course, organizations would be best off to prevent counterproductive behaviors from occurring at all. This can be done by going to the effort and expense of hiring the right employees, possibly by utilizing the tools of selection programs to analyze potential employees skills and personalities. As well, employers should nurture their employees’ skills and abilities to encourage productive job performance. Finally, they should also offer employees frequent feedback and measurement of their performance to help keep them on track with respect to organizational expectations (Jex & Britt, 2008).Productive Behaviors Despite the fact that some employees do not contribute positively to the organizations they work for, most employees try to perform their jobs to the best of their abilities and even go above and beyond their required duties at times. Examples of productive behaviors include positive job performance, organizational citizenship, creativity, and innovation (Jex & Britt, 2008). Assessing Productive Behaviors Organizational psychologists use various models to assess job performance.These models evaluate in-role (technical aspects of a given job) and extra-role (skills that transcend the specific content of a job such as communication skills and being a team player) performance by employees (Jex & Britt, 2008). These assessments allow managers to recognize productive employees and encourage and motivate them to continue in their efforts. Predictors of Productive Behaviors There are several methods that organi zations can use when recruiting employees to predict whether candidates will contribute positively to their organization.These include general cognitive ability, level of job experience, and the personality trait of conscientiousness (Jex & Britt, 2008). By evaluating these predictors, organizations can save themselves time and money by hiring the right people who will contribute to organizational goals without excess coaching, training, or need for reprimand. The Affects of Counterproductive and Productive Behaviors Clearly an organization will be affected by the employees that support it. Employees that contribute positively will help the organization move towards its goals, and, if innovation and creativity are present, possibly even surpass their goals.On the other hand, employees who work counterproductively within an organization, will cost management time and may require additional effort to be spent on reputation management, recruitment, and training (Jex & Britt, 2008). Org anizations would be best served to recruit employees with the most potential to work productively by analyzing their job experience, personality, and cognitive ability before offering an individual a job.References Jex, S. M. , & Britt, T. W. (2008). . Organizational Psychology. A Scientist-Practitioner Approach, Second Edition. Retrieved from https://ecampus. phoenix. edu/classroom/ic/classroom. aspx.

Tcs Environmental Policy

Environmental Policy of TCS Commitment to the environment stems from the Tata Group’s abiding concern for the environment and society, which is embodied in the Tata Code of Conduct. The Tata Group considers climate change to be the greatest threat affecting economic stability, vulnerable communities and the society at large. The Tata Group’s Climate Change Policy mandates that all group companies assume leadership roles in climate change mitigation in the pursuit of business aspirations and enhancement of shareholder value.In the business of providing IT services, business solutions and outsourcing. Our environmental impacts result from our business operations globally and through the services and solutions that we provide our customers with. True to the Tata spirit, TCS regards climate change mitigation and environmental improvement as essential features of its sustainable business philosophy.We are committed to continuously benchmarking and enhancing our own environme ntal performance through the reduction of our carbon and ecological footprints with the involvement of our business associates and partners, thereby  striving to be leaders in our industry sector. Through our services and solutions, we endeavor to help customers improve their environmental performance toward their sustainability objectives.Aim to fulfill  our environmental commitments through the following broad-level actions: * Integrate energy and environmental considerations in the design of new infrastructural facilities * Improve resource efficiency in operations, especially for key resources such as energy and water * Adopt the â€Å"3-R† (reduce, reuse and recycle) philosophy for all types of wastes toward prevention of pollution and dispose of â€Å"inevitable† wastes, especially electronic waste, in line with regulatory requirements or industry best practices * Promote â€Å"green procurement† to the maximum extent possible * Consider stakeholder ex pectations on our environmental performance in the design of infrastructure, operations, processes and solutions to the extent feasible *Set, monitor and review objectives and targets on an ongoing basis toward achieving continuous improvement in environmental performance and the overall environmental management system * Remain committed to complying with all the applicable environmental and related legal and other requirements and, wherever feasible, enhance the prescribed standards in all the countries that we perate out of * Continue public reporting of our environmental performance and our contribution to climate change-related issues through relevant national and international forums and to other stakeholders through appropriate communication channels * Communicate the environmental policy to all employees, business associates and other stakeholders and ensure that the policy is available to the public *Review the environmental policy and allied management systems periodically to ensure their continuing applicability and relevance to our operations and evolving stakeholder expectations * Strive to support various voluntary national and international protocols, conventions and agreements on environment protection and proactively engage with governmental and other agencies in driving future environmental policy and regulation At TCS, concern for the environment is integral to our business strategy toward sustainability, and we shall strive to fulfill all our environmental obligations and commitments toward being responsible global corporate citizens.TCS embodies the Tata group’s philosophy of building strong sustainable businesses that are firmly rooted in the community and demonstrate care for the environment. The elements that make for strong corporate sustainability at TCS include the following: * A fair, transparent and value-driven corporate governance * A strong strategy for longer-term business growth * Best-in-class HR processes * Initiatives for community betterment * Our stewardship of the environment Green Procurement PolicyAs a part of  the ongoing commitment to improve the environment, this policy seeks to reduce the environment impacts of our operations and promote sustainable development by the integration of environment performance considerations in the procurement process. committed  to the  integration of environment performance considerations in the procurement process including planning, acquisition, use and disposal. TCS is committed to considering the environmental aspects, potential impacts  and costs, associated with the life cycle assessment of goods and services being acquired. This calls for conscious efforts across TCS in the following areas: 1.Reduce, Reuse and Recycle: TCS is committed to reducing resource consumption and minimizing waste while considering the life-cycle costs of products. We seek to implement the hierarchy of preference to reduce, reuse and recycle resources throughout the procurement activity. 2. Buy Recycled: We are committed to buying recycled/part-recycled products to optimize consumption and stimulate demand for recycled products, promoting the collection and reprocessing of waste and working toward zero discharge to the landfill. 3. â€Å"Green† the Supply Chain: We hope to maximize the benefits by encouraging  our supplier/vendors to adopt TCS' environment practices.We endeavor to undertake procurement activities with suppliers who share TCS' values. We will actively promote the green procurement policy  throughout  our supply chain to ensure selection  that has minimum environmental impact. Green Procurement Green procurement or environmentally preferable purchasing (EPP) is the practice of procuring products and services that are less harmful to the environment (land, air and water) and all species including humans that depend on environment for survival. Green products are those that are made with less harmful materials or wh ich when produced or  used/consumed would have a minimal impact  on the environment.Listed below are a few ways through which we aim to integrate the green procurement policy with the TCS environment policy. 1. TCS shall encourage and prefer eco-friendly products, which are more power efficient. 2. TCS shall prefer to purchase from a source  that is less polluting or uses clean technology. 3. TCS shall encourage and prefer vendors who use recycled packaging material. The possibilities of further reuse and/or recycling shall be explored with the user or the administration department. 4. For software products, as far as possible and to the extent feasible, the preferred mode of delivery shall be through the electronic method (download). A server is proposed to be deployed  that would host the most commonly required software.Instead of burning CDs, secured access would be made available to the respective project team to download the product from this common server. 5. The IPD  shall make efforts to recycle material from old sites to the practically possible extent. Focus Areas * Promoting procurement from Energy Star Partners * Procurement of low-energy consumption desktop configuration * Procurement of laser printers with GREEN functionality * Procurement of servers with low voltage CPUs and low-wattage storages * Procurement of server racks with efficient cooling systems * Eco-friendly procurement considerations for infrastructure and development * Eco-friendly procurement considerations for consumables   WASTE REDUCTION POLICYAt TCS, they are committed to reducing the environmental impact of  our operations through appropriate ongoing material management. This calls for a conscious effort across TCS in the following areas: Reduction of waste at source:  All delivery centers and offices must manage operations to reduce the quantity or toxicity of waste produced. Such measures include, but are not limited to the following: * Printing reports and documents, whenever possible, on both sides of the paper * Updating mailing and distribution lists periodically to avoid overrun; use of e-mail whenever appropriate * Giving preferential purchasing consideration to products that are reusable, refillable, repairable, more durable, less toxic, recyclable and which avoid excess packaging.Reuse of material wherever possible:  All products and materials must be reused wherever possible. * Recycling:  It is the responsibility of every associate to separate identified recyclable materials and place them in appropriate recycling containers. Office paper, corrugated cardboard and aluminum beverage cans must always be recycled in the appropriately marked container. Other materials are to be recycled whenever feasible and wherever containers are provided. Reuse is preferable to recycling. * Purchasing products with recycled content:  All offices across TCS must purchase and use products manufactured from recycled materials whenever feasi ble. In particular, recycled paper products must be used.It is important that all recycled purchases be reported to the Admin/Purchase Department across TCS for record keeping and reporting purposes In addition to the specific efforts mentioned above, all delivery centers and offices are encouraged to designate one associate as a Recycling Monitor who will serve as liaison to Head – Health Safety Environment. TCS E-Waste Management Policy Tata Consultancy Services, being an IT-centric organization, contributes  majorly to global electronic waste. Reaffirming our commitment to environmental protection, and in accordance with the stringent standards we set ourselves, the eWaste Management Policy reflects our objectives and practices toward this end.